car stereo


In recent years, automakers have really stepped up their game with their original equipment manufacturer (OEM) systems. But no matter how complex it is, every car audio system consists of three main components. The first is the radio or "head unit" that controls the entire system and generates the audio signal. The second is an amplifier that increases the strength of the audio signal so that it can drive the third component, the speakers that reproduce the sound.


The Head Unit

A high-end home audio system uses separate electronic components — a radio tuner, CD player, preamp, amplifier — connected by various cables. Since space is at a premium in a vehicle, automakers have to cram as many of these components as possible into one device: the head unit. Because of this, the head unit performs multiple duties, but its two main functions are controlling the overall system volume and the various audio sources in a vehicle.

Head units can also be used to control media players like the iPod or navigate the content of a USB flash drive that's connected to the stereo system. Head units with Bluetooth audio can also play music that's streamed wirelessly from a compatible mobile phone.


The Amplifier

A car stereo system has to have an amplifier to increase the power of an audio signal so it's strong enough to move the speakers and create sound. Amplification is a two-stage process handled by a preamp and a power amplifier.

The preamp is usually housed inside the head unit and takes data from a radio, CD player or other audio source and prepares it for the power amplifier. This process includes slightly boosting the audio signal, which makes it compatible with the input of the power amplifier and ensures that it's resistant to noise that can radiate from other electronics in a vehicle. The power amplifier then takes the preamp's low-level signal and significantly boosts it so it can move the speakers and create sound.


The Speakers

Speakers take an amplified electrical signal and convert it into mechanical energy that moves the speaker cone back and forth to create sound. Sound is essentially vibrations in the air that we hear, and a speaker cone creates these vibrations. The human ear hears these vibrations in a frequency range from about 20 hertz (very low bass) to 20,000 Hz (very high notes).

The most basic automotive speakers are designed to be "full range" to cover the entire frequency range. But by trying to cover the entire frequency spectrum, bass response is generally nonexistent and higher frequencies are dull. You can get more accurate sound reproduction by using an assortment of speakers dedicated to reproducing a smaller range of sound.

Woofers and subwoofers are large speakers designed to reproduce only low-frequency bass sounds. The aptly named midrange drivers handle the middle-range frequencies. Some systems take it one step further and use a specialized midbass driver to handle the troublesome frequencies between low bass and midrange. Tweeters are the smallest of the specialized drivers and reproduce the upper treble frequencies.


Functions of car stereo
  • Lower the volume
  • Kill the sound
  • Raise the volume
  • Select the source (e.g FM, AM, CD, Auxiliary)
  • Skip tracks
  • Change the frequency.

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